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Dr

Ammar Zafar

Honorary Research Fellow

School of Law and Social Justice

Orcid identifier0009-0008-0367-8139
  • Honorary Research Fellow
    School of Law and Social Justice

ABOUT

Personal Statement
I am an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool's Department of Law, specialising in the regulation of digital financial systems and the governance of emerging technology.

My academic background includes a PhD in Law from the University of Liverpool, an LLM in Commercial Law from the University of Bristol, an LLM in Legal Practice (Solicitors) from BPP University, and undergraduate degrees in Law (LLB) and Business Administration & Economics (BBA).

To ground my comparative research in distinct regulatory environments, I have completed visiting research fellowships at the University of Warsaw, Poland, and the University of Georgia, United States, where I analysed European Union macroeconomic policy and US corporate financial regulation, respectively.

My research operates at the critical intersection of emerging technologies, economics, and law. I integrate academic rigour with practical legal and financial training to deliver insights grounded in current industry realities, drawing on my background as a legal practitioner, an intellectual property analyst navigating AI regulation, and a financial analyst evaluating regulatory compliance. My recent project work includes serving as a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Centre for People's Justice, where I worked on a criminal justice system project and AI-focused research for a UKRI Policy Support Fund project analysing the impacts of artificial intelligence within criminal sentencing, while also mapping strategic pathways for large-scale, collaborative funding bids.

Beyond academia, I regularly engage in public scholarship, including guest discussions on technology governance for the Law and Social Justice Podcast. By translating complex technical architectures—from quantum computing to autonomous AI systems—into actionable legal frameworks, I aim to shape commercial and public policies that are robust, equitable, and practically applicable in today's digital economy.

 

Research Overview
My research untangles the regulatory complexities of technologies that evolve faster than traditional legislation, closing legal gaps across automated finance, data protection, and international trade. A central pillar of my work is the design and regulation of digital financial systems. I evaluate how legal-technological architectures—particularly Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)—can balance macroeconomic stability with financial inclusion, and I design doctrinal frameworks to protect retail CBDCs against state digital surveillance.

Beyond digital currency, I assess the legal vulnerabilities introduced by integrating quantum computing into the financial sector. Within artificial intelligence governance, my work addresses the complex attribution of legal responsibility for autonomous agents. To resolve this, I design frameworks for institutional accountability—such as structural models for an AI Risk Management and Compensation Authority (ARMCA)—and establish parameters for consent in European payment services. I also tackle the inherent friction between decentralised finance and privacy, reconciling the technical realities of blockchain with the strict compliance mandates of modern data protection laws, alongside doctrinal analysis of the EU AI Act's approach to biometric surveillance and structured derogations.

Finally, my research extends beyond theoretical technology law into active macro-policy and global geopolitics. I examine the intersection of international trade and economic statecraft, analysing the erosion of World Trade Organization discipline, the legal-economic consequences of global trade wars, and the strategic use of economic blockades. By assessing great-power competition and shifting foreign-policy paradigms, I aim to shape public discourse on how international law must adapt to geopolitical destabilisation and emerging technological realities

UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL ORGANISATIONAL UNITS MEMBERSHIP

UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

  • 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
  • 3 Good Health and Well Being

RESEARCH AREAS